Articles · 23 published

DNS, VPN, tracking, fingerprinting — find the guide you need

Antivirus & Security
Bitdefender Review 2026: Free Edition, VPN, Central & Pricing

Bitdefender Review 2026: Free Edition, VPN, Central & Pricing

Bitdefender tested for malware detection, system impact, and its bundled VPN — plus the free edition's real limits, Bitdefender Central vs GravityZone explained, downloads for every device, and current pricing.

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Antivirus & Security
Norton 360 Antivirus Review 2026: Price, VPN & Real Verdict

Norton 360 Antivirus Review 2026: Price, VPN & Real Verdict

Norton tested for malware detection, system impact, VPN, and identity protection — plus the Gen Digital/Avast ownership history, the 2023 password manager breach, and the discontinued crypto miner most reviews leave out.

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VPN & Privacy
Surfshark VPN Review 2026: Price, Servers & Country Access

Surfshark VPN Review 2026: Price, Servers & Country Access

Surfshark is the rare budget VPN that doesn't feel budget — unlimited devices on every plan, two completed Deloitte audits, and a genuine antivirus bundle. It also shares a parent company with NordVPN. Here's what that actually means.

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VPN & Privacy
CyberGhost VPN Review 2026: Price, Free Trial & Country Access

CyberGhost VPN Review 2026: Price, Free Trial & Country Access

CyberGhost is one of the cheapest audited VPNs on the market, with the longest refund window in the industry. It also shares an owner with ExpressVPN, and it won't get you online in China. Here's what actually holds up.

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VPN & Privacy
ExpressVPN Review 2026: Price, Speed, China & India Access

ExpressVPN Review 2026: Price, Speed, China & India Access

ExpressVPN is the VPN most often recommended for China and for Netflix, and it's owned by a company with a genuinely uncomfortable hiring decision in its history. Here's the pricing, the download steps for every platform, and the audit record.

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VPN & Privacy
Proton VPN Review 2026: Free Plan, Price, Download & China

Proton VPN Review 2026: Free Plan, Price, Download & China

Proton VPN's free plan has no data cap, unlike almost every other free VPN. Here's what that tier actually limits, five years of audit reports, and why China is the one place it struggles.

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VPN & Privacy
NordVPN Review 2026: Pricing, Privacy, and the 2019 Breach

NordVPN Review 2026: Pricing, Privacy, and the 2019 Breach

NordVPN has no ongoing free plan, but four independent no-logs audits since 2018 back its claims, and its response to a real 2019 breach disclosure held up. Here's the real pricing and what the audit trail actually shows.

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VPN & Privacy
iTop VPN Review 2026: Is It Free, and Is It Safe?

iTop VPN Review 2026: Is It Free, and Is It Safe?

iTop VPN advertises a working free tier, rock-bottom long-term pricing, and a no-logs promise. We checked all three — including the "Daily Boost" reward that pays out a tenth of what it promises.

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AI & Privacy
Gemini Notebook (formerly NotebookLM): What Data Does It Collect?

Gemini Notebook (formerly NotebookLM): What Data Does It Collect?

Google renamed NotebookLM to Gemini Notebook and added a cloud sandbox that runs code on your uploaded files. Here's exactly what data it collects, who can see it, and what actually changed.

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Email Privacy
Proton Mail vs Gmail: Which One Actually Protects Your Privacy?

Proton Mail vs Gmail: Which One Actually Protects Your Privacy?

Gmail stopped scanning your inbox for ad targeting in 2017. It never stopped scanning it for everything else. Here's how Proton Mail's zero-access encryption actually compares against Gmail's data practices, pricing, and legal exposure.

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VPN & Privacy
Best VPN in 2026: What the Audits, Ownership Records, and Fine Print Actually Show

Best VPN in 2026: What the Audits, Ownership Records, and Fine Print Actually Show

We read the published no-logs audits, checked who actually owns each provider, and priced out the renewal traps. Here's how NordVPN, ExpressVPN, Proton VPN, Surfshark, Mullvad, and IVPN really compare in 2026.

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Online Tracking
How Targeted Advertising Tracks You Across Every Site

How Targeted Advertising Tracks You Across Every Site

Every ad-supported page you load triggers an auction that broadcasts your data to hundreds of companies in milliseconds, whether or not any of them ever show you an ad. Here's how that auction works, and what courts have said about it.

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DNS & Network
DNS Explained: How It Works and Why It Leaks

DNS Explained: How It Works and Why It Leaks

DNS translates domain names into IP addresses, and by default it does that in plain text. Here's how a DNS lookup actually works, why it's one of the biggest privacy gaps on the internet, and what encrypted DNS does and doesn't fix.

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Browser Security
WebRTC Leak: What It Is and How to Stop It

WebRTC Leak: What It Is and How to Stop It

A WebRTC leak exposes your real IP address even while a VPN is connected. Here's what WebRTC actually is, why the leak happens at the protocol level, which browsers are affected, and how to test and fix it.

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Browser Security
Is Incognito Mode Actually Private?

Is Incognito Mode Actually Private?

Incognito mode hides your activity from other people using your device. It does nothing for your ISP, the sites you visit, or your IP address. Here's what it protects, what it doesn't, and what a 2024 lawsuit forced Google to admit in writing.

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Mobile Privacy
How Apps Track Your Location Even When You Say No

How Apps Track Your Location Even When You Say No

Denying an app location permission stops the GPS API, not necessarily the tracking. Here's how apps still infer where you are, where that data ends up, and what a $25,000-a-month data feed on 35 million phones taught the FTC.

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Beginner Guides
What Are Cookies and How Do They Work?

What Are Cookies and How Do They Work?

Cookies aren't inherently bad, and third-party cookies never actually disappeared the way Chrome once promised. Here's what cookies are, how they work at the protocol level, and what actually tracks you.

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Browser Security
What Data Does Your Browser Send to Every Website?

What Data Does Your Browser Send to Every Website?

Before a single line of JavaScript runs, your browser has already handed a website your rough location, your device type, and your language. Here's everything sent automatically, split into the three layers where it actually happens.

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DNS & Network
Best DNS for Privacy: Cloudflare vs Quad9 vs NextDNS

Best DNS for Privacy: Cloudflare vs Quad9 vs NextDNS

Cloudflare is the fastest. Quad9 is a nonprofit with the strongest no-logs case. NextDNS gives you the most control. Here's how the three actually compare, plus where Google, OpenDNS, AdGuard, and Mullvad DNS fit in.

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VPN & Privacy
Free VPN vs Paid VPN: Who's Actually Paying For Your 'Free' Connection?

Free VPN vs Paid VPN: Who's Actually Paying For Your 'Free' Connection?

Free VPNs don't run on goodwill. We looked at how they actually make money — from bandwidth reselling to a Facebook-owned app that helped decide which startups to acquire — and what the research says about the real risk.

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VPN & Privacy
WireGuard vs OpenVPN: 2026 VPN Protocol Comparison

WireGuard vs OpenVPN: 2026 VPN Protocol Comparison

WireGuard and OpenVPN explained in plain terms, then the technical differences that actually matter: speed, security design, censorship resistance, and how each one handles your IP address.

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AI & Privacy
Can AI Really Extract Your Fingerprint From a Photo? What the Research Actually Shows

Can AI Really Extract Your Fingerprint From a Photo? What the Research Actually Shows

Security researchers have shown AI can reconstruct partial fingerprint patterns from ordinary photos — peace signs, hand waves, selfies. This is how the extraction pipeline works, what it can realistically unlock, and what actually protects you.

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